A big crater inside a huge crater on the moon could offer a view of the lunar innards, scientists now say.
Here's the setup: Shortly after the moon formed, it got whacked, big time. The result, an enormous crater called the South Pole-Aitken basin. It's almost 1,500 miles across and more than five miles deep.
The impact punched into the layers of the lunar crust, scattering that material across the moon and into space. The tremendous heat of the impact also melted part of the floor of the crater, turning it into a sea of molten rock.
"This is the biggest, deepest crater on the moon — an abyss that could engulf the United States from the East Coast through Texas," exlained Noah Petro of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
But wait, there was more.
Asteroid bombardment over billions of years has left the lunar surface pockmarked with craters of all sizes, and covered with solidified lava, rubble, and dust. Glimpses of the original surface, or crust, are rare, and views into the deep crust are rarer still.
Now, scientists say a crater on the edge of the South Pole-Aitken basin may provide just such a view. Called the Apollo Basin and formed by the later impact of a smaller asteroid, it is about 300 miles across.
"It's like going into your basement and digging a deeper hole," Petro said.
"We believe the central part of the Apollo Basin may expose a portion of the moon's lower crust," he said. "If correct, this may be one of just a few places on the moon where we have a view into the deep lunar crust, because it's not covered by volcanic material as many other such deep areas are. Just as geologists can reconstruct Earth's history by analyzing a cross-section of rock layers exposed by a canyon or a road cut, we can begin to understand the early lunar history by studying what's being revealed in Apollo."
Petro presented his research Thursday at the Lunar and Planetary Science meeting in Houston. It was done using the moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), a NASA instrument on board India's Chandrayaan-1 lunar-orbiting spacecraft. Analysis of the light, or spectra, in images revealed that portions of the interior of Apollo have a similar composition to the impact melt in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin.
As you go deeper into the moon, the crust contains minerals have greater amounts of iron, the researchers explained in a statement. When the moon formed, it was largely molten. Minerals containing heavier elements, like iron, sank down toward the core, and minerals with lighter elements, like silicon, potassium, and sodium, floated to the top, forming the original lunar crust.
"The asteroid that created the SPA basin probably carved through the crust and perhaps into the upper mantle," Petro said. "The impact melt that solidified to form the central floor of SPA would have been a mixture of all those layers. We expect to see that it has slightly more iron than the bottom of Apollo, since it went deeper into the crust. This is what we found with M3. However, we also see that this area in Apollo has more iron than the surrounding lunar highlands, indicating Apollo has uncovered a layer of the lunar crust between what is typically seen on the surface and that in the deepest craters like SPA."
The lower crust exposed by Apollo survived the impact that created SPA probably because it was on the edge of SPA, several hundred miles from where the impact occurred, according to Petro.
Both SPA and Apollo are estimated to be among the oldest lunar craters, based on the large number of smaller craters superimposed on top of them. As time passes, old craters get covered up with new ones, so a crater count provides a relative age; a crater riddled with additional craters is older than one that appears relatively clean, with few craters overlying it. As craters form, they break up the crust and form a regolith, a layer of broken up rock and dust, like a soil on the Earth.
Although the Apollo basin is ancient and covered with regolith (what we call dirt on Earth), it still gives a useful view of the lower crust because the smaller meteorite impacts that create most of the regolith don't scatter material very far.
"Calculations of how the regolith forms indicate that at least 50 percent of the regolith is locally derived," said Petro. "So although what we're seeing with M3 has been ground up, it still mostly represents the lower crust."
Earth was bombarded back then, too. But the record of the events have been folded back into our active planet or weathered away. On the moon, which is comparatively dead geologically, the record of scars remains.
"The Apollo and SPA basins give us a window into the earliest history of the moon, and the moon gives us a window into the violent youth of Earth," Petro said.