About 9.2 million years ago, a teenage two-horned rhinoceros was literally cooked to death when a Mount Vesuvius-like eruption enveloped it in lava reaching more than 750 degrees Fahrenheit (400 degrees Celsius), scientists say.
The perhaps fortunate result: a well-preserved skull of the Rhinocerotid, with a tale to tell.
An analysis of the volcanic rock-preserved skull suggests the animal's grisly death was near instantaneous. "(T)he body was baked under a temperature approximating 400°C, then dismembered within the pyroclastic flow, and the skull separated from body," the researchers wrote online Nov. 21 in the journal PLoS ONE. The flow of volcanic ash carried the detached skull about 19 miles (30 kilometers) north of the eruption site and to the site where it was discovered in Cappadocia in Central Turkey.
"The articulated skull and mandible were found alone, and there were no other rhino bones in the surroundings, except for some rib fragments, potentially of rhino affinities," said study researcher Pierre-Olivier Antoine of the University of Montpellier in France. [ See Photos of the Volcano-Preserved Rhino Fossils ]
When alive, the rhino (Ceratotherium neumayri) would have weighed between 3,300 and 4,400 pounds (1,500 and 2,000 kilograms), about the size of a young white rhino, though sporting a shorter head, Antoine said. The animal was 10 to 15 years old, a young adult, when it died in a Pompeii-style eruption.
Antoine has excavated dozens of fossil skulls in the past 19 years, and he said the external surfaces of this one were "quite unusual."
For instance, "the bony surface was rough and corrugated all around the skull and mandible, and the dentine (the internal component of the teeth) was incredibly brittle, and even kind of 'corroded' (in) places," Antoine told LiveScience in an email.
When they looked at the remains under a microscope the researchers found structural changes that suggested the animal had been heated to the high temperatures of volcanic flows.
"There was not a real volcano, but a caldera which spread huge amounts of volcanic ash over Cappacocia, during millions of years, throughout the late Miocene-Pliocene interval," which lasted from about 9.5 million to 3 million years ago, Antoine said.
Examples of similar calderas, albeit much smaller ones, are Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and Krakatoa, a volcanic island west of Jakarta, Indonesia.
The so-called Cardak caldera is inactive today.
Even so, thick layers of volcanic ash have accumulated over millions of years.
"Then, erosion generated there among the most magnificent landscapes I've ever seen," Antoine wrote.
Follow LiveScience on Twitter . We're also on and .