It's been a wild and crazy ride in space since the first decade of the 21st century began, but as 2009 gives way to 2010, the realm of commercial space travel has taken one giant leap into reality. Now, commercial space is on a growth curve, with a whirlwind of large and small companies ready to offer a variety of skills.
There is growing recognition of this fact, evidenced by the recent report from the Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee. The panel spotlighted the commercial space industry, advising NASA to encourage and use more commercial space services to support future human space missions.
Even so, the coming year is shaping up like a space-based game of "Truth or Dare." Some see a tradition-breaking paradigm in the offing, one that increases the reliance on the private sector for space tasks. Others are not sure, envisioning risky handshakes with firms that offer little in the way of track record.
Space moxie
There's a roster of big moments in commercial spaceflight throughout the last decade.
Over the past 10 years, Space Adventures, headquartered in Vienna, Va., has organized flights for well-heeled clients to the International Space Station. That highfalutin enterprise was kick-started in 2001 by the flight of Dennis Tito – billed by the company as the world's first private space explorer. Since then, six other wealthy space enthusiasts (most recently, Canadian billionaire and Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberte) have paid up to $35 million for similar treks.
Then there were the first private suborbital space treks via SpaceShipOne, bankrolled by software billionaire Paul Allen. Aerospace maverick, Burt Rutan and his Scaled Composites squad pushed the frontiers of private space travel. In doing so, they won in 2004 the $10 million Ansari X Prize for commercial spaceflight. That momentum is resident in December's rollout of SpaceShipTwo — a six-passenger, two-pilot suborbital craft backed and operated by Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic.
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Month in Space: January 2014
Toss in for good measure two privately-funded prototype expandable space habitats that now circle the Earth. They were orbited courtesy of motel and construction mogul Robert Bigelow, aided by his Bigelow Aerospace team in Las Vegas. Those Genesis 1 and Genesis 2 vessels — launched in 2006 and 2007, respectively — are precursors to ever-larger modules and space facilities the firm plans to orbit in future years.
Space Exploration Technologies Corp. of Hawthorne, Calif., better-known as SpaceX, was self-financed in 2002 by PayPal co-founder Elon Musk. Over the last eight years, the company — which now employs 800 — has forged ahead with development of its Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 boosters, as well as the Dragon spacecraft built to satisfy NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program objectives.
For true space grit, several smaller space firms have blasted their way to the forefront, such as XCOR Aerospace of Mojave, Calif. Kudos were earned by Masten Space Systems, also of Mojave, as well as Texas-based Armadillo Aerospace. This dynamic duo pocketed prize money by competing in the NASA-backed, Northrop Grumman-sponsored Lunar Lander Challenge. The two winning companies qualified for cash prizes — managed by the X Prize Foundation — by building and flying vertical-takeoff-and-landing vehicles that hovered for up to 180 seconds, translated horizontally, landed under rocket power, and repeated the feat in two hours.
Hope and prayer?
So there you have it: development of privately financed suborbital vehicles; increasing numbers of "pay-per-view" space travelers; commercial boosters and spacecraft for carriage of cargo and humans to and from Earth orbit.
All this "work in progress" remains just that. Several experts say major hurdles remain.
At first blush, it would seem there's been a shift toward the federal government embracing commercial spaceflight as a "crutch" to deal with an ailing NASA — a space agency viewed by some as in bureaucratic freefall and in need of transitioning to a more commercial-friendly stage.
"It's a complex issue ranging from legal to very practical issues," one that is an international issue as well as a domestic one, suggested Henry Hertzfeld, research professor of space policy and international affairs and adjunct professor of law at George Washington University in Washington.
Hertzfeld said a central question is this: Is the government's embrace of commercial space a budget issue or a "hope and prayer"? Also, another up-front question needs resolution — is there really a good definition of commercial space?
"To me, the bottom line test focuses not on commercial or government, but on who is really taking the risks, both financial and technical," Hertzfeld said. "And if you put almost all of the 'commercial' partnerships to that test, I think you will find the government is footing the risk in most cases, which means they will also end up paying for it eventually in one way or another."
Closing the business case
Commercial space has become "the cool kids' table" for a surprising number of very wealthy individuals, according to Carissa Christensen, managing partner of the Tauri Group in Alexandria, Va.
"Their personal commitment has enabled firms developing commercial space vehicles to weather recent economic storms, either through their own deep pockets or because their credibility as global entrepreneurs has attracted other investors," Christensen told Space.com.
Christensen stressed that balance is important in viewing the relationship between government and industry in commercial space.
"Many areas of government reliance on industry are sensible and should be part of a durable national strategy, Christensen added. For example, government funding of research and development, purchases of commercial satellite services, and contracting for launches, hardware, and engineering support.
"There is a baby/bathwater thing to be careful of here," Christensen said.
What about major obstacles ahead for commercial spaceflight?
"The biggest one is generating enough revenue to create a durable, viable industry. The challenges the industry faces are business challenges, far more than technology challenges," Christensen responded. "Just as a reminder, Concorde shut its door, and that wasn't because supersonic flight was too much of a technology challenge ... it was because, ultimately, the business case didn't close."
All that being said, Christensen has a positive view of today's private-sector landscape. She's been working in commercial space since 1987, and says "this is by far the most thrilling period I have seen."
Years of pressure
"What we are seeing in NASA is not a tidal shift in its relationship to the private sector ... but a small step towards a practical approach to space," said Rick Tumlinson, co-founder of the Space Frontier Foundation and a devoted NewSpace activist and agitator. "This is occurring because of years of pressure, repeated demonstrations of the private sector's ability to perform, financial necessity and the gradual ascension of those who 'get it' within the ranks of the space agency."
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Month in Space: January 2014
Tumlinson said that if NASA is to ever move beyond low Earth orbit and get back to the sorts of exploration missions it did in the glory days of Apollo, "it must hand off operations to the people."
Cooperation in opening the frontier is the new key to success for all, Tumlinson said: NASA gets lower costs and the ability to focus on its mission of exploration while commercial space gets the funding and early catalytic markets it needs to grow and become vital on its own.
"Everyone wins ... especially the people who pay for it all, as they get an open and expanding new frontier in space," Tumlinson stated.
Results in place of rhetoric
It's time for the commercial space sector to walk the walk, not just talk the talk.
That's the attitude of John Logson, a distinguished space policy guru. He's professor emeritus of political science and international affairs at the Space Policy Institute within the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University.
"It seems to me that the coming decade will be for the commercial sector the time to provide results in place of rhetoric," Logsdon advised. Between contracting for commercial cargo and commercial crew to the International Space Station, he said, NASA is providing the kind of guaranteed market the commercial sector has said it needs to get over the financial hump.
"Now is the time for the commercial sector to deliver on its promises," Logsdon said. "A government-commercial partnership can provide the stimulus for much more rapid space development than we have seen in recent years. Then 'purely' commercial activities such as space tourism can follow," he concluded.
Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines and has written for SPACE.com since 1999.